TITLE	Pollination ecology, breeding system, and conservation of Caldesia grandis(Alismataceae), an endangered marsh plant in China
AUTHOR	Wahiti Robert Gituru College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P.R. China Qing-Feng Wang* College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P.R. China Yong Wang College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P.R. China You-Hao Guo College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P.R. China
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ABSTRACT	Caldesia grandis Samuelsson is an endangered wetland herb on the brink of extinction in the vast area of Mainland China, which holds close to one eighth of the world's vascular plant species. The pollination ecology and breeding system of C. grandis were investigated from three natural populations occurring in two wetlands near the top of Mangshan Mountain in Hunan Province, central China. The species is in flower from early July to late September with a peak in August. The process of flower anthesis in C. grandis begins at about 10.00 am and lasts about four-and-one-quarter h. The flowers lasted ca. 5.5 h. Caldesia grandis is self-compatible; however, autogamy resulted in lower seed set than geitonogamy and xenogamy as well as free pollination. Both pollen viability and the seed set in open-pollinated controls at the same site were typically high (65.44% and 71.78% respectively). Mean pollen: ovule ratios in the three populations ranged from 901.75 to 931.354. No seed germination was observed, either in the field or in laboratory experiments. Propagation is achieved through turions, which commonly occur in the inflorescences. Flies (Insecta; Diptera) were the most frequent visitors to the flowers of C. grandis; however, bees (Insecta; Hymenoptera) composed a larger proportion of effective pollinators. Existence analysis revealed a peak of mortality density in mid-May corresponding to an environmental sieve in the period following the establishment of plantlets. An updated diagnostic of the conservation status of C. grandis in China was formulated. The main threats to this species are catastrophic events, especially human impact activities (agriculture, hobbyists' collections, and infrastructure construction). Establishment of a monitoring program is proposed, and both in-situ and ex-situ strategies are recommended for effective conservation of C. grandis.
KEYWORD	Alismataceae; Breeding system; Caldesia grandis; Conservation; Endangered; Pollination; Rare endemic;
ARTICLE INFO	Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica, Volume 43 Number 3 July 2002, page 231-240, 10 pages
PUBLISHER	Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China